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Multiple inheritance - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Multiple inheritance is a feature of some object- oriented computer programming languages in which an object or class can inherit characteristics and features from more than one parent object or parent class. It is distinct from single inheritance, where an object or class may only inherit from one particular object or class. Multiple inheritance has been a sensitive issue for many years. This can be addressed in various ways, including using virtual inheritance. The child inherits methods and attributes of the parent, allowing for shared functionality. For example, one might create a variable class Mammal with features such as eating, reproducing, etc.; then define a child class Cat that inherits those features without having to explicitly program them, while adding new features like chasing mice. This section covers C# programming examples on Inheritance. Every example program includes the description of the program, C# code as well as output of the program. All examples are compiled and tested on a Visual Studio. Multiple inheritance allows programmers to use more than one totally orthogonal hierarchy simultaneously, such as allowing Cat to inherit from Cartoon character and Pet and Mammal and access features from within all of those classes. Implementations. Ruby uses modules to inherit multiple methods. The diamond problem. If there is a method in A that B and C have overridden, and D does not override it, then which version of the method does D inherit: that of B, or that of C? For example, in the context of GUIsoftware development, a class Button may inherit from both classes Rectangle (for appearance) and Clickable (for functionality/input handling), and classes Rectangle and Clickable both inherit from the Object class. C# Inheritance Example Program BudgetNow if the equals method is called for a Button object and there is no such method in the Button class but there is an overridden equals method in Rectangle or Clickable (or both), which method should be eventually called? It is called the . In this case, class A is at the top, both B and C separately beneath it, and D joins the two together at the bottom to form a diamond shape. Mitigation. If the inheritance from A to B and the inheritance from A to C are both marked . If virtual inheritance and nonvirtual inheritance are mixed, there is a single virtual A and a nonvirtual A for each nonvirtual inheritance path to A. C++ requires stating explicitly which parent class the feature to be used is invoked from i. C++ does not support explicit repeated inheritance since there would be no way to qualify which superclass to use (i. C++ also allows a single instance of the multiple class to be created via the virtual inheritance mechanism (i. C# Inheritance Example Program MeetingBy default, to put it simply, the methods are sorted in D,B,C,A, when B is written before C in the class definition. The method with the most specific argument classes is chosen (D> (B,C)> A) ; then in the order in which parent classes are named in the subclass definition (B> C). How to program in C# - INHERITANCE - Beginner Tutorial. How to program in C# - PROPERTIES. Inheritance in C# Code Example - Duration: 9:48. An elementary introduction to inheritance, polymorphism in C# using simple code snippets; Author: Nish Nishant; Updated:; Section: C#; Chapter: Languages; Updated. However, the programmer can override this, by giving a specific method resolution order or stating a rule for combining methods. This is called method combination, which may be fully controlled. The MOP (metaobject protocol) also provides means to modify the inheritance, dynamic dispatch, class instantiation, and other internal mechanisms without affecting the stability of the system. Curl allows only classes that are explicitly marked as shared to be inherited repeatedly. Shared classes must define a secondary constructor for each regular constructor in the class. The regular constructor is called the first time the state for the shared class is initialized through a subclass constructor, and the secondary constructor will be invoked for all other subclasses. In Eiffel, the ancestors' features are chosen explicitly with select and rename directives. This allows the features of the base class to be shared between its descendants or to give each of them a separate copy of the base class. Eiffel allows explicit joining or separation of features inherited from ancestor classes. Eiffel will automatically join features together, if they have the same name and implementation. The class writer has the option to rename the inherited features to separate them. Multiple inheritance is a frequent occurrence in Eiffel development; most of the effective classes in the widely used Eiffel. Base library of data structures and algorithms, for example, have two or more parents. So if there is a Unit A and a Unit B that have a variable named Q, if the declaration is . If A,B,C are interfaces, B,C can each provide a different implementation to an abstract method of A, causing the diamond problem. Either class D must reimplement the method (the body of which can simply forward the call to one of the super implementations), or the ambiguity will be rejected as a compile error. The default interface method capability added with Java 8 introduced a type of multiple inheritance since classes can implement more than one interface, which can contain default methods that have the same name. However, the Java compiler provides rules to determine which default method a particular class uses, to handle the Diamond problem. In case of conflict, the compiler prohibits the direct usage of the ambiguous variable or function. Each inherited member can still be accessed by casting the object to the mixin of interest, e. Methods (and attributes) are inherited in the same order, with each newly inherited method overriding any existing methods. OCaml chooses the last matching definition of a class inheritance list to resolve which method implementation to use under ambiguities. To override the default behavior, one simply qualifies a method call with the desired class definition. Perl uses the list of classes to inherit from as an ordered list. The compiler uses the first method it finds by depth- first searching of the superclass list or using the C3 linearization of the class hierarchy. Various extensions provide alternative class composition schemes. The order of inheritance affects the class semantics. In the above ambiguity, class B and its ancestors would be checked before class C and its ancestors, so the method in A would be inherited through B. This is shared with Io and Picolisp. In Perl, this behavior can be overridden using the mro or other modules to use C3 linearization or other algorithms. The order of inheritance affects the class semantics. Python had to deal with this upon the introduction of new- style classes, all of which have a common ancestor, object. Python creates a list of classes using the C3 linearization algorithm. That algorithm enforces two constraints: children precede their parents and if a class inherits from multiple classes, they are kept in the order specified in the tuple of base classes (however in this case, some classes high in the inheritance graph may precede classes lower in the graph. Thus, the method resolution order is: D, B, C, A. In the absence of runtime metaprogramming this has approximately the same semantics as rightmost depth first resolution. Scala allows multiple instantiation of traits, which allows for multiple inheritance by adding a distinction between the class hierarchy and the trait hierarchy. A class can only inherit from a single class, but can mix- in as many traits as desired. Scala resolves method names using a right- first depth- first search of extended 'traits', before eliminating all but the last occurrence of each module in the resulting list. So, the resolution order is: . The reason for this is that such languages have at most one implementation of any method at any level in the inheritance chain regardless of the repetition or placement of methods. Typically these languages allow classes to implement multiple protocols, called interfaces in Java. These protocols define methods but do not provide concrete implementations. This strategy has been used by Action. Script, C#, D, Java, Nemerle, Object Pascal (Delphi), Objective- C, Smalltalk, Swift and PHP. Interfaces are like abstract base classes that specify method signatures without implementing any behavior. Hence, at any given level in the inheritance chain, there can be at most one implementation of any method. Thus, single- inheritance method implementation does not exhibit the Diamond Problem even with multiple- inheritance of interfaces. See also. Multiple Inheritance for C++. Proceedings of the Spring 1. European Unix Users Group Conference. Object- Oriented Software Construction, Second Edition, by Bertrand Meyer, Prentice Hall, 1. ISBN 0- 1. 3- 6. 29. Eddy Truyen, Wouter Joosen, Bo N. Proceedings of the 2. Dynamic Aspects Workshop (1. Forman and Scott Danforth (1. Putting Metaclasses to Work. Our library can be accessed from certain countries only. Please, see if you are eligible to read or download our Bentley Manual Golf Mk. Cabrio content by creating an account. 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Reflections Art Program . And you! REFLECTIONS: IT’S ALL ABOUT THE ARTS“What Is Your Story?”That’s the theme for the 2. Reflections Art Program which has been bringing the arts to life for more than 1. And California State PTA and its members, families and kids are on the forefront of this amazing program, which increases community awareness of the importance of arts in education. PTA Local Unit Lookup. Careers at National PTA; Donate; Join; News & Events. Reflections Arts Program; Take Your Family to School Week. The mission of the California State PTA is to positively impact the lives of all children and families. Awards from National PTA; Show/hide more Program Planning Tips. Starting a Health Fair. Reflections encourages students of all ages to: Unleash creative talents and be inspired. Express themselves imaginatively in their artwork. Experience the fun and joy of making art. Tap into critical- thinking skills to create art inspired by the annual theme. Receive positive recognition for their original works of art. PARTICIPATION IS EASY, EXCITING AND EMPOWERINGAll students attending PTA schools sponsoring the program are invited to participate and submit original artwork in one of six areas: Dance/choreography. Literature. Photography. Film production. Music composition. Visual arts. Artworks are submitted first to school- level PTAs, where they are first recognized, celebrated and judged by five grade- level divisions, while a non- judged Special Artists division celebrates student artists with special needs. School PTAs then choose a selection of entries to be judged by local PTA units, which are then sent on to councils and then districts for consideration. The final artworks submitted to California State PTA by districts are then considered for Awards of Excellence or Awards of Merit. Award of Excellence entries then go on to represent California in the final National PTA judging round. Please review general entry rules. State- level Award of Excellence honorees receive: The opportunity to showcase their artwork at the California State PTA Convention. Prizes including an Award of Excellence medal, certificate and a $1. An expense- paid trip for the award- winning student and one parent/guardian to convention. State- level winners were recognized at the 2. California State PTA Annual Convention and will be posted online soon. National- level Award of Excellence honorees are recognized at the National PTA Convention, plus their artworks are featured in Reflections. See the list of National winners. WE NEED THEMES FOR 2. But the art can. Students submitting the winning theme receive $1. National PTA Convention. GRANTS FOR THE ARTS AVAILABLEBuilding on the decades- long arts legacy of past Colorado State PTA President Mary Lou Anderson, who established the Reflections Art Program, National PTA awards grants of up to $1,0. PTAs can take arts education to the next level . Find out how your PTA can qualify. So let the Reflections Art Program ! For more information on participating or to get Reflections and other arts programs started or funded at your school, contact your local PTA and get connected with California PTA.
A Review of Current Literature. Abstract. This review explores the relationship between engagement with the creative arts and health outcomes, specifically the health effects of music engagement, visual arts therapy, movement- based creative expression, and expressive writing. Although there is evidence that art- based interventions are effective in reducing adverse physiological and psychological outcomes, the extent to which these interventions enhance health status is largely unknown. Our hope is to establish a foundation for continued investigation into this subject and to generate further interest in researching the complexities of engagement with the arts and health. There are many more things, between heaven and earth, than are dreamt of in your philosophy, Horatio.—Shakespeare, Hamlet. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines holistic health as: viewing man in his totality within a wide ecological spectrum, and . More specifically, there is evidence that engagement with artistic activities, either as an observer of the creative efforts of others or as an initiator of one's own creative efforts, can enhance one's moods, emotions, and other psychological states as well as have a salient impact on important physiological parameters. Chronic diseases are a nationwide burden, with cardiovascular disease being the leading cause of death during the past century and the incidence of diabetes continuing to increase, now affecting more than 2. Americans. 3,4 These diseases are associated with psychosocial difficulties such as depression. Engagement with creative activities has the potential to contribute toward reducing stress and depression and can serve as a vehicle for alleviating the burden of chronic disease. Over the past decade, health psychologists have cautiously begun looking at how the arts might be used in a variety of ways to heal emotional injuries, increase understanding of oneself and others, develop a capacity for self- reflection, reduce symptoms, and alter behaviors and thinking patterns. Given the ubiquity of creative expression, as well as the relative ease of engagement, the extent to which psychological and physiological effects are sustainably health enhancing is an important area for public health investigation. We reviewed research in the area of art and healing in an effort to determine the creative therapies most often employed. Four primary therapies emerged: music engagement, visual arts therapy, movement- based creative expression, and expressive writing. In these forms of expression, arts modalities and creative processes are used during intentional interventions to foster health. By assessing the use of these processes in clinical and qualitative trials, one can determine how others have found benefit in tying the intricacies of artistic meaning to the complexities of health and wellness. Our hope is to expand effective exploration of these concerns. We further believe that certain social and environmental factors are converging to thrust the central questions related to better understanding the relationship between art and health into the spotlight of expanded and vigorous attention. Globalization, bringing with it the need to embrace the broad cultural diversity around how personal and societal philosophies interoperate, will put a premium on finding more effective ways to create and share meaning and meaningfulness. This need for meaning and relevance in daily experience has long been recognized as one of the fundamental driving forces in artistic creation and engagement. Similarly, expansion of individual and community health- enhancing efforts worldwide and an acceptance of the definition of health as being more than the absence of illness are spurring active investigation into the fundamentals of whole- person approaches to creating and sustaining health. Investigating the relationship between art and health offers some interesting ways to bridge these 2 important areas of inquiry and perhaps provide timely and important insights into each. Art and health have been at the center of human interest from the beginning of recorded history. Despite that fact, and despite the invested effort and growth of knowledge and understanding in each arena, it is interesting that we often still find ourselves struggling with the “fundamentals” of art and health and their meaning in society. The idea that creative expression can make a powerful contribution to the healing process has been embraced in many different cultures. Throughout recorded history, people have used pictures, stories. The SOCPC encourages those interested in commenting, as well as others interested in the SOC, to monitor the SOC revision process on this website. To sign up to receive email notifications when this page is updated with new. We make no attempt to clarify or resolve these fundamental issues. Instead, our intent is to summarize current knowledge about the connection between art and health, identify the most compelling next steps for investigation, and generate further interest in researching the complexities of art and health. Legitimate research questions include whether certain art- based therapies are more or less effective than others, whether the impact of therapy can be tied to other important variables and preconditions, and whether health benefits are sustained or short term. These issues deserve vigorous continued attention. We conducted a review of current research to determine what is known about art and healing. The goals of our review, primarily covering the period 1. METHODSWe focused on creative arts or expressive activities that were conducted primarily in North American and European countries and primarily with adults. We excluded studies focusing on complementary medicine practices. Although the literature in this review targeted adults (aged 1. Also, we excluded articles about art education or art in professional career development. Finally, we did not evaluate the relationship of creative expression with major mental disorders such as schizophrenia or dementia, severe developmental disorders, end- of- life issues, the use of art with incarcerated populations, or the impact of religion on health outcomes. We assessed how creative expression as a healing process has been used in both clinical and informal practice to promote wellness and healing. We searched the following databases and Internet sites, covering the recent period of 1. Medline (Pub. Med) for general health care literature; Proquest, specifically Psyc. INFO for psychology journals and CINAHL for nursing and allied health literature; the Cochrane Library for health care reviews; and the Web of Science database including the Science Citation Index, the Social Sciences Index, and the Arts and Humanities Index. Primary keywords included the arts and medical outcomes, the creative arts and healing or wellness, creative expression and healing or wellness, the arts and health care, creative expression and illness, music therapy, art therapy, and creative expression and humanities. In the Cochrane Library evidence- based literature, the only studies that included references to art or creative expression were those associated with the treatment of schizophrenia or schizophrenia- like illnesses. Cochrane database studies in our review. In addition to the sources just mentioned, specific journals were also targeted because of their connection to art and health: Health Education Research, Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, Health Education and Behavior, The Arts in Psychotherapy, and the Journal of Music Therapy. We also searched literature from 1. Pub. Med (Me. SH art therapy database) to determine whether there were further foundational research articles, but we did not find any abstracts matching our criteria. However, we found 1 randomized controlled trial in Pub. Med, and we included that study. Because music therapy was observed to be a predominant source of research in the arts and healing, the Journal of Music Therapy was also reviewed for foundational articles. As mentioned, 4 major areas of arts and health care emerged from our review: music engagement, visual arts therapy, movement- based creative expression, and expressive writing. Therefore, we focused on the potential of these creative areas to promote healing. RESULTSThe idea that creative expression can make a powerful contribution to the healing process has been embraced in many different cultures. Throughout recorded history, people have used pictures, stories, dances, and chants as healing rituals. In fact, although arts therapy has been used clinically for more than a century. Only in recent years have systematic and controlled studies examined the therapeutic effects and benefits of the arts and healing. Nevertheless, we have seen positive outcomes for the potential of using art to promote healing in our 4 primary areas of focus. This article is not meant to be a comprehensive review of all of the literature available (other authors have provided comprehensive overviews in areas such as music therapy. Instead, it represents a sampling of the many potential benefits of art in enhancing health and wellness. Music Engagement. Music is the most accessible and most researched medium of art and healing, and there has been a principal emphasis on the soothing capacity of music and its ability to offset overly technological approaches to care. In particular, music therapy has been shown to decrease anxiety. The pleasure shared by participants in the healing process through a music therapy program can help to restore emotional balance as well. There is also evidence of the effectiveness of auditory stimulation, together with a strong suggestion that such stimulation abolishes pain, as a strategy for achieving control over pain. In addition, it has been shown that music can calm neural activity in the brain,4. As the activity levels of neurons in the central nucleus of the amygdala decrease in response to calming effects of music, there may be corresponding reductions in the signals being sent to other parts of the brain. Table 1 outlines the results of key studies we reviewed that focused on music engagement. Details of the Music Engagement Studies Reviewed. In a lengthy review of the music therapy literature from 1. Peer Review. What Does . A scholarly journal is visibly different from other magazines, but occasionally it can be hard to tell, or you just want to be extra- certain. Troubleshoot Windows system errors, freezes. You can experience system errors if your user account is damaged, or if your user account lacks rights to files and folders that your Adobe application requires. Start the Adobe application in a new user account Create a user account that has the same permissions as the account that you use when the problem occurs. If the problem doesn't recur, then the original user account is probably damaged. For instructions, search for these topics in the Microsoft Windows Help system: Windows Vista, Windows 7, Windows 8 and Windows 1. 8 freezes You'll need more than a program, Renee. And I'm not saying your problems are being caused by hijackware infections. 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